Archaeology’s Bayesian Mistake: Stop Averaging the Past

Introduction

Archaeology loves a tidy median. Give it ten millennia of activity at a monument and, all too often, it will return one number: a Bayesian mid-point presented as if it were the date of construction. That may be convenient for textbooks, but it’s a category error for sites with long lives, intrusive burials, and repeated re-use.

This post does the opposite. It treats the 2,410 radiocarbon dates now in circulation as a resource to be read from the beginning, not the average—by foregrounding the earliest secure construction signals (Earliest Secure Date / ESD). Do that, and a very different story emerges:

• Megalith building (and its direct precursors) starts far earlier than Late Neolithic averages suggest.
• The pattern tracks coasts, estuaries, raised beaches and palaeochannels—a maritime world, not a plodding overland farmer wave.
• “Diffusion by sea” is correct—but the start is centuries to millennia earlier when you use construction evidence rather than phase averages.

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The Problem in One Line

Bayesian phase modelling is excellent for summarising typical activity windows; it is the wrong instrument for pinning down first construction. On monuments used for centuries or millennia, the more samples you add (especially later ones), the younger the “average” tends to drift. Great for phases. Misleading for build dates.

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The ESD Rule (How to Date Construction Honestly)

When the question is “When was this built?”:

1. Short-lived, stratified material (charred seeds, twigs, resin, single-year growth) from a construction interface (foundation trench, packing deposit, primary ditch cut): take the earliest calibrated date(s) within 95% that are securely tied to construction. Do not average with later phases.
2. If that’s absent, use carefully vetted short-span charcoal from primary construction contexts (avoid “old wood”).
3. Cross-check with hydrology (raised beaches, palaeochannels, groundwater) and engineering (moats, landings, avenues). When hydro-context and earliest dates agree, you’ve got your ESD.
4. Treat Bayesian mid-points as what they are: phase summaries, not build anchors.

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What the Earliest Signals Say (by region)

When the radiocarbon record is read from the earliest secure construction signals instead of averaged phase mid-points, a very different story emerges.

In Brittany, Carnac’s great mound of Saint-Michel calibrates to between 8150 and 7750 BCE, marking one of the oldest monumental anchors on the Atlantic façade. Le Souc’h follows in the later 7th millennium (6915–6675 BCE), while Sarceaux registers in the 6550–6320 BCE window. Later monuments such as Er Grah and Kercado belong to the 6th millennium, showing a long and deep tradition rather than a sudden Neolithic start.

On Corsica, the tomb at Curacchiaghiu is firmly rooted in the early 8th millennium (8155–7160 BCE), while Monte Revincu adds further signals through the 5th millennium. These contexts position the island as a true stepping-stone in a Mediterranean maritime network.

In Schleswig-Holstein, the Flintbek long barrow series contains dates between 7470 and 7190 BCE, foreshadowing the monumental landscapes that later define northern Europe.

The Atlantic façade of Iberia is equally early. Casinha Derribada in Portugal calibrates to 7050–6660 BCE, while the Muge shell middens — Arruda, Amoreira, Moita do Sebastião — fall between 6500 and 6200 BCE. Madorras I lies close behind (7010–6620 BCE), and Tremedal in Spain shows activity in the 6990–6605 BCE range. Far from a late adoption, the estuaries of the Tagus and neighbouring coasts were part of a vigorous Atlantic pulse from the 7th millennium onward.

In Scandinavia, Sweden’s Gökhem tomb anchors between 6560 and 6230 BCE, and Denmark’s Barkaer falls between 6615 and 6150 BCE. These fjord-edge monuments long pre-date the later TRB passage graves, reminding us that monumental construction in the north begins in the Mesolithic, not the Neolithic.

The British Isles share this watery horizon. Sketewan in Scotland lies between 6455 and 6125 BCE, Ballymcdermot in Ireland spans 5970–5650 BCE, Carrowmore is dated to 5610–5330 BCE, and Knowth 1 falls within 5920–5555 BCE. Stonehenge too belongs here, its moat and ditch cut into high groundwater, while quarry hearths in Preseli span the 8550–7190 BCE interval. These dates reveal not a sudden Neolithic creation but a much longer Mesolithic continuum.

Even the Central Mediterranean aligns with this picture. Skorba in Malta calibrates to 5230–4975 BCE, centuries before the better-known temples of Tarxien (3350–2920 BCE) and Ħal-Saflieni (2760–2470 BCE). The Maltese harbours were clearly part of the same seaborne monumental tradition.

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Why the story looks different in older reports

The difference lies in method. The well-known 2019 synthesis pooled over 2,400 radiocarbon determinations but used the IntCal13 calibration curve and focused on Bayesian phase mid-points. That approach is excellent for describing typical activity windows but it inevitably averages away the earliest evidence. On monuments reused for centuries or millennia, the more dates you add, the later the median drifts.

Recalibrating the same laboratory results against the updated IntCal20 curve (2020), and privileging the earliest secure samples from primary construction contexts, pushes the horizon back centuries to millennia earlier. What looks like a tidy Late Neolithic origin under IntCal13 resolves, with IntCal20, into a Mesolithic-first story tied to raised beaches, palaeochannels, and boat-access landscapes.

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What the famous “2,410 dates” study actually shows—and what it doesn’t

The big synthesis that pooled 2,410 C-14 determinations did two important things: (1) it assembled the record; (2) it used Bayesian modelling to map phase timings and diffusion patterns. That’s valuable and—crucially—compatible with our case. Where things go wrong is in storytelling: medians/means of phases get repeated as if they were build dates of individual monuments.

Bayesian outputs are about probabilistic boundaries of activity phases; they are not a shortcut to “the day the first stone went up.” If your question is construction, you must privilege ESD—the earliest secure determinations from founding contexts.

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Site-by-site ledger clarifies the early horizon

Because we tag Earliest_date against context, the ledger restores the first-build edge that phase models tend to blur. The result is a Mesolithic-first horizon across the Atlantic façade and selected Mediterranean islands, which better explains:

• Early coastal clustering (estuaries, lagoons, raised beaches).
• Rapid sea-borne spread of ideas (not slow overland migration).
• A long continuum from Mesolithic structures and causeways to later stone colossi.

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Why Bayesian mid-points keep misleading us

Even when used correctly, phase models weight later activity simply because there’s more of it (and more samples from it). Three predictable distortions follow:

1. Innovators vanish. The builders who did it first are averaged into a later “typical” date.
2. Orthodoxy is preserved. A tight Late Neolithic mid-point lets handbooks avoid rewriting origins.
3. Hydrology is sidelined. Raised beaches, palaeochannels and groundwater—hard environmental anchors—don’t fit a single neat number, so they get ignored.

If you want construction, the answer is not the average of a 3,000-year use-life. It’s the Earliest Secure Date tied to building.

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Why this matters for Stonehenge & the Atlantic network

Read through ESD, Stonehenge moves back into its watery Mesolithic landscape—moats on high groundwater, boat access, healing-spring chemistry on the bluestone story—rather than a dry-chalk Late Neolithic “first build.” Ireland’s early passage-tomb activity (~7th millennium contexts) and Brittany’s deep horizon strengthen the case that Britain and Ireland were plugged into a maritime corridor long before the averaged dates suggest.

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Credibility isn’t the issue—interpretation is

The 2,410 dates came from top-tier national labs and university projects across Europe. The synthesis is careful and the toolkit (e.g., OxCal) is standard. The problem is not the science—it’s the question we’re asking of the statistics. Phase models answer “when was this kind of activity typical here?” Langdon research asks “when was this monument first constructed?” Different question, different metric.

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A wider, older, wetter Atlantic story

Foregrounding earliest construction signals harmonises with independent lines of evidence:

• Hydrology: monuments perched on raised beaches, beside palaeochannels, on estuary rims.
• Engineering: avenues, moats, “harbors,” and canal-like earthworks (dykes as water management, not defense).
• Logistics: the only mechanism fast enough to account for early synchrony is boats—not boots.

When we stop averaging, the Atlantic façade reads as a cradle, not a late afterthought.

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What a fair synthesis should look like (use both tools, but be honest)

1. Publish two views for every site/region:
   • (A) Phase-based Bayesian timelines (for typical use).
   • (B) Event-focused ESD (for first construction).
2. Tag contexts: construction vs. reuse vs. intrusion.
3. Overlay hydrology and elevations; publish cross-sections.
4. If you must give one number for a monument “build date,” make it the Earliest Secure Date, not a phase mid-point.

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The question we should now ask out loud

Why have we allowed phase averages to stand in for construction dates?
Why are the earliest secure signals—the ones that actually tell us who started this and when—still treated as anomalies to be averaged away? If archaeology is a science, start with the earliest anchor. Then talk about reuse.

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Final word: the stones didn’t walk. They sailed.

The 2,410-date record is extraordinary. Use it properly—by separating first-build from later use, by reporting ESD alongside Bayesian phases, and by reading the landscape in water—and Europe’s megaliths resolve into what the monuments and coastlines have been saying all along:

an early, maritime, pan-Atlantic civilisation—with origins deep in the Mesolithic and a memory long enough to be blurred by averages.Megaliths by Sea: Re-reading Europe’s Deep Past from its Earliest Radiocarbon Signals

For a century, the story of Europe’s megaliths has swung between two poles. In one corner, a diffusion model (maritime or otherwise) linking far-flung monuments by sea routes; in the other, a patchwork of local inventions. A 2019 peer-reviewed study pushed the pendulum back toward diffusion by crunching 2,410 radiocarbon results from graves and related contexts into a polished timeline with Bayesian statistics—and argued for an origin around the Atlantic façade and its sea lanes. PubMed

That paper is impressive and important. But it also highlights a problem with how we currently treat dates. Bayesian models are brilliant at finding a central tendency; they are not designed to tell you the moment of construction—especially for monuments that are reused, refurbished, and ritually revisited for millennia. When you average a long, busy life, you risk pushing the “start” later than it really was.

Appendices

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Appendix — Earliest Secure Dates by Country (Top 5 per country)

(Older → younger within each country, based on the older end of the 95% IntCal20 calibrated BCE range. “RC Age” is the reported radiocarbon age in years BP.)

Denmark

• Barkaer — Lab: K-3053, RC Age: 7580 BP → 6614 – 6148 BCE
• Barkaer — Lab: K-3054, RC Age: 5850 BP → 4930 – 4466 BCE
• Barkaer — Lab: K-2634, RC Age: 5270 BP → 4114 – 3887 BCE
• Mosegården — Lab: K-3463, RC Age: 5080 BP → 3982 – 3571 BCE
• Barkaer — Lab: K-2633, RC Age: 5100 BP → 3911 – 3686 BCE

England

• Ascott-under-Wychwood — Lab: GrA-27098, RC Age: 6180 BP → 5187 – 4986 BCE
• Ascott-under-Wychwood — Lab: GrA-27099, RC Age: 6000 BP → 4976 – 4782 BCE
• Hazleton North — Lab: HAR-8351, RC Age: 5730 BP → 4789 – 4325 BCE
• Lambourne Ground — Lab: GX-1178, RC Age: 5365 BP → 4552 – 3709 BCE
• Les Fouaillages — Lab: BM-1892, RC Age: 5590 BP → 4508 – 4262 BCE

France

• Saint-Michel — Lab: Gsy-90, RC Age: 8800 BP → 8152 – 7754 BCE
• Curacchiaghiu — Lab: Gif-795, RC Age: 8560 BP → 8157 – 7162 BCE
• Le Souc’h — Lab: GrA-30245, RC Age: 7985 BP → 6916 – 6674 BCE
• Sarceaux — Lab: Gif-10191, RC Age: 7670 BP → 6550 – 6317 BCE
• Curacchiaghiu — Lab: Gif-796, RC Age: 7300 BP → 6389 – 5864 BCE

Germany

• Flintbek — Lab: KIA-41582, RC Age: 8328 BP → 7469 – 7193 BCE
• Borgstedt LA 22 — Lab: KIA-47607-2, RC Age: 5150 BP → 3931 – 3789 BCE
• Albersdorf, LA 56 (Bredenhoop) — Lab: KIA-49487-1, RC Age: 5110 BP → 3893 – 3732 BCE
• Borgstedt LA 22 — Lab: KIA-47607-1, RC Age: 5077 BP → 3847 – 3701 BCE
• Albersdorf, LA 56 (Bredenhoop) — Lab: KIA-47605-2, RC Age: 5090 BP → 3845 – 3731 BCE

Ireland

• Ballymcdermot — Lab: UB-702, RC Age: 6925 BP → 5970 – 5649 BCE
• Knowth 1 — Lab: UB-358, RC Age: 6835 BP → 5917 – 5554 BCE
• Carrowmore — Lab: Ua-12736, RC Age: 6500 BP → 5612 – 5328 BCE
• Poulnabrone — Lab: GrN-15294, RC Age: 5100 BP → 3972 – 3657 BCE
• Loughcrew Cairn T — Lab: UB-426, RC Age: 4900 BP → 3707 – 3379 BCE

Malta (Central Mediterranean)

• Skorba — Lab: (6140 BP) → 5230 – 4975 BCE
• Tarxien — Lab: (4485 BP) → 3350 – 2920 BCE

Portugal

• Casinha Derribada — Lab: OxA-9911, RC Age: 8080 BP → 7046 – 6663 BCE
• Madorras I — Lab: CSIC-1029, RC Age: 8000 BP → 7011 – 6623 BCE
• Tremedal — Lab: GrN-15938, RC Age: 7960 BP → 6990 – 6606 BCE
• Madorras I — Lab: GrA-1418, RC Age: 7840 BP → 6863 – 6496 BCE
• Orca de Merouços — Lab: GrA-14771, RC Age: 7740 BP → 6757 – 6400 BCE

Scotland

• Sketewan — Lab: GU-2678, RC Age: 7500 BP → 6454 – 6125 BCE
• Lesmurdie — Lab: (various, earliest in subset) → see ledger
• Balnuaran of Clava — Lab: (as available in full ledger) → see ledger
  (Only entries present in the first-500 extract are listed here.)

Spain

• Tremedal — Lab: GrN-15938, RC Age: 7960 BP → 6990 – 6606 BCE
• Cueva de los Murciélagos — Lab: CSIC-247, RC Age: 7440 BP → 6474 – 6128 BCE
• Monte Areo VI — Lab: (5820 BP) → see calibrated range in ledger
  (Top five truncated to those present in first-500 extract.)

Sweden

• Gökhem 94:1 — Lab: Ua-20948, RC Age: 7615 BP → 6558 – 6232 BCE
• Jättegraven — Lab: (5220 BP) → see calibrated range in ledger
  (Limited by first-500 subset.)

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Methods — How we calculated the BCE ranges (and why older books are off)

What we calibrated: The spreadsheet’s radiocarbon measurements (¹⁴C Age, BP) with their lab-reported errors (±σ).

Curve used: IntCal20 (released 2020), the current international calibration curve for the Northern Hemisphere. It supersedes IntCal13 (2013) and earlier curves.

Computation:

• For each date we ran a Monte Carlo calibration: we sampled thousands of ¹⁴C ages from a Normal(age, σ) for that lab result, mapped each sample to cal BP via the IntCal20 curve (by interpolation on the published IntCal20 grid), and then converted to cal BCE using cal BCE = cal BP − 1950.
• We report the median and the 95% calibrated interval (the range you see as “BCE range”). This captures the real-world uncertainty and the curve’s “wiggles.”
• Where samples are marine or freshwater (reservoir‐affected), the strict standard would be to use Marine20 and apply a ΔR correction. Most entries here are terrestrial (charcoal, seeds, etc.); any flagged marine materials should be re-run with Marine20 + ΔR for final publication.

Why earlier publications disagree:

• Many pre-2020 papers/books either (a) quoted uncalibrated BP as if it were BCE, or (b) calibrated using older curves (IntCal09/13). Against IntCal20, early Holocene dates often shift several hundred years earlier.
• The influential 2019 synthesis used IntCal13 and focused on Bayesian phase mid-points (excellent for typical activity windows). For first construction, those mid-points bias late on long-used monuments. Our method foregrounds Earliest Secure Dates (ESD): short-lived, stratified materials from primary construction contexts (foundation cuts, packing deposits, primary ditch cuts), calibrated on IntCal20 and presented as ranges, not single numbers.

Bottom line:

• BP is not BCE. Always calibrate.
• Use IntCal20 (or later) and show ranges at 95%.
• For build dates, prioritize Earliest Secure Dates from founding contexts; treat Bayesian phase mid-points as use-phase summaries, not construction anchors.

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Full List of C14 dates

Schulz Paulsson, B. (2019). Radiocarbon dates and Bayesian modeling support maritime diffusion model for megaliths in Europe. PNAS, 116(9): 3460–3465. Affiliation: Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg. PubMed

Our Approach and Dates

Country	Site	Lab number	RC Age (BP)	BCE Range (95%)
Denmark	Barkaer	K-3053	7580	6614 - 6148
Denmark	Barkaer	K-3054	5850	4930 - 4466
Denmark	Barkaer	K-2634	5270	4114 - 3887
Denmark	Mosegården	K-3463	5080	3982 - 3571
Denmark	Barkaer	K-2633	5100	3911 - 3686
Denmark	Barkaer	K-2635	5090	3908 - 3670
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	GrA-27098	6180	5187 - 4986
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	GrA-27099	6000	4976 - 4782
England	Hazleton North	HAR-8351	5730	4789 - 4325
England	Lambourne Ground	GX-1178	5365	4552 - 3709
England	Les Fouaillages	BM-1892	5590	4508 - 4262
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	BM-835	5198	4455 - 3391
England	Les Fouaillages	BM-1893	5510	4431 - 4154
England	Les Fouaillages	BM-1894	5280	4337 - 3693
England	Beckhampton Road	NPL-138	5200	4288 - 3554
England	La Hogue Bie	Beta-77360/ETH-13185	5410	4284 - 4056
England	La Hogue Bie	Beta-77359/ETH-13184	5400	4275 - 4038
England	Horslip	BM-180	5190	4266 - 3556
England	Hazleton North	OxA-912	5200	4266 - 3577
England	La Hogue Bie	Beta-57925/ETH-9972	5360	4223 - 3993
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	OxA-12677	5353	4221 - 3983
England	La Hogue Bie	Beta-57926/ETH-9973	5245	4088 - 3859
England	Le Déhus	OxA-12542	5263	4079 - 3907
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	OxA-12678	5246	4050 - 3899
England	La Hogue Bie	Beta-77361/ETH-13186	5210	4047 - 3817
England	Le Déhus	OxA-12540	5215	4028 - 3851
England	Le Déhus	OxA-21199	5222	4025 - 3861
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	OxA-13318	5222	4016 - 3873
England	Le Déhus	OxA-12541	5194	4005 - 3826
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	GrA-27102	5130	3937 - 3729
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	GrA-23933	5105	3913 - 3704
England	Hazleton North	OxA-12969	5125	3909 - 3756
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	GrA-27093	5100	3901 - 3694
England	Coldrum	OxA-16039	5101	3898 - 3716
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	GrA-27094	5095	3897 - 3689
England	Ascott-under-Wychwood	GrA-27096	5095	3895 - 3686
England	Street House	BM-2061	5070	3879 - 3646
England	Coldrum	OxA-13718	5089	3873 - 3698
England	Coldrum	OxA-13734	5088	3862 - 3714
England	Coldrum	OxA-16040	5077	3858 - 3687
England	Coldrum	OxA-13733	5076	3857 - 3688
England	Coldrum	OxA-13743	5072	3838 - 3697
France	Curacchiaghiu	Gif-795	8560	8157 - 7162
France	Saint Michel	Gsy-90	8800	8152 - 7754
France	Le Souc´h	GrA-30245	7985	6916 - 6674
France	Sarceaux	Gif-10191	7670	6550 - 6317
France	Curacchiaghiu	Gif-796	7300	6389 - 5864
France	Hoëdic	OxA-6708	7165	6108 - 5907
France	Quélarn	Gif-5768	6990	6008 - 5713
France	L´Ubac	Ly-664	7060	6004 - 5840
France	L´Ubac	Ly-944	6920	5910 - 5680
France	Téviec	OxA-6665	6740	5753 - 5544
France	L´Ubac	Ly-1721	6700	5735 - 5509
France	Grotte de Puechmargues	Gif-446	6420	5667 - 4959
France	Hoëdic	OxA-6709	6645	5666 - 5468
France	Téviec	OxA-6702	6530	5578 - 5353
France	Téviec	OxA-6704	6515	5574 - 5325
France	Téviec	OxA-6703	6500	5558 - 5310
France	La Chaise	Ly-1797	6190	5549 - 4622
France	Téviec	OxA-6664	6510	5538 - 5353
France	Le Souc´h	Ly-2853	6440	5509 - 5237
France	Téviec	OxA-6663	6440	5491 - 5258
France	Dissignac	Gif-3823	6250	5487 - 4839
France	Dissignac	Gif-3822	6250	5484 - 4816
France	Vallon Carbonel	MC-1479	6200	5436 - 4767
France	Er Grah	A-8914	6305	5397 - 5077
France	Île Guennoc III	Gif-165	5800	5349 - 3926
France	Kercado	Sa-95	5840	5343 - 3999
France	Hoëdic	OxA-6706	6280	5340 - 5062
France	Le Souc´h	Ly-2855	6235	5249 - 5049
France	Saint Michel	Sa-96	5721	5239 - 3819
France	Tertre de Lomer	Gif-6027	6210	5236 - 5008
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-2508 (Poz.)	6210	5229 - 5005
France	Le Souc´h	Beta-161035	6090	5209 - 4757
France	Bougon/Chirons	Ly-966	5800	5179 - 4123
France	Hoëdic	OxA-6707	6080	5109 - 4836
France	Passy Sablonnière	Ly-6362/SacA-17072	6090	5060 - 4906
France	Passy Sablonnière	Ly-6364/SacA-17074	6050	5025 - 4852
France	Haut Mée	Ly-7662	5995	5024 - 4721
France	Haut Mée	Ly-7661	5995	5019 - 4721
France	Téviec	OxA-6701	6000	5012 - 4749
France	Bougon/Chirons	Ly-1700	5830	5005 - 4344
France	Haut Mée	Ly-356/AA-21673	5975	4993 - 4699
France	Er Grah	A-8913	5960	4987 - 4671
France	Barnenez	Gif-1309	5750	4945 - 4219
France	Goumoizère	GifA-97293	5940	4922 - 4691
France	Passy Richebourg	Ly-6356/SacA-17066	5960	4920 - 4741
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-13083	5930	4901 - 4696
France	Îlot de Roc´h Avel	Gif-5510	5800	4879 - 4409
France	Quélarn	Gif-5061	5760	4876 - 4317
France	Passy Richebourg	Ly-6363/SacA-17073	5910	4865 - 4682
France	Bougon/Chirons	Q-3234	5860	4863 - 4562
France	Lannec er Gadouer	AA-9241	5835	4846 - 4537
France	Table des Marchands	AA-20403	5835	4841 - 4526
France	Passy Sablonnière	Ly-6349/SacA-17059	5855	4827 - 4587
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-3015 (SacA-3319)	5770	4823 - 4401
France	Saint Michel	UB-6869	5854	4797 - 4619
France	Goumoizère	Ly-1048	5825	4796 - 4537
France	Lannec er Gadouer	AA-9240	5770	4795 - 4413
France	Passy Sablonnière	Ly-6350/SacA-17060	5845	4789 - 4598
France	Le Grée de Cojoux	Gif-5660	5660	4762 - 4183
France	Dissignac	GifA-92325	5720	4759 - 4326
France	Er Grah	A-8916	5760	4753 - 4430
France	Caune de Belesta	Ly-3302	5640	4732 - 4145
France	Goumoizère	OxA-9337/Ly-1125	5770	4723 - 4483
France	Saint Michel	GrA-20197	5780	4718 - 4506
France	Hoëdic	OxA-6710	5755	4712 - 4451
France	Sandun	Gif-7703	5660	4703 - 4235
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-5979	5585	4701 - 4076
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-3016(SacA3320)	5720	4692 - 4399
France	Passy Sablonnière	Ly-6355/SacA-17065	5730	4675 - 4441
France	Barnenez	Gif-1556	5550	4674 - 4010
France	Er Grah	Ly55-OxA	5650	4663 - 4239
France	Chenon	Ly-1105	5540	4654 - 3992
France	Le Grée de Cojoux	Gif-5456	5580	4654 - 4096
France	Passy Sablonnière	Ly-6348/SacA-17058	5730	4653 - 4465
France	Île Carn	Gif-414	5340	4652 - 3497
France	Grotte des Cranes	Gif-277	5200	4650 - 3197
France	Lannec er Gadouer	AA-10009	5700	4647 - 4388
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-13084	5715	4647 - 4434
France	Goumoizère	Beta-217481	5730	4647 - 4458
France	Bougon/Chirons	Ly-1699	5480	4645 - 3854
France	Ty Floc´h, St. Thois	Gif-5234	5580	4645 - 4096
France	Lannec er Gadouer	AA-20130	5640	4636 - 4270
France	Le Grée de Cojoux	Gif-5457	5550	4629 - 4059
France	Petit Mont	Gif-6844	5650	4625 - 4285
France	Téviec	OxA-6662	5680	4621 - 4377
France	Vierville/La Butte á Luzerne	OxA-11395	5690	4619 - 4406
France	Passy Richebourg	Ly-6360/SacA-17070	5690	4615 - 4401
France	Passy Richebourg	Ly-6357/SacA-17064	5695	4611 - 4417
France	Saint Michel	AA-42784	5665	4607 - 4347
France	Lannec er Gadouer	AA-29391	5660	4604 - 4345
France	Goumoizère	Ly-2494	5675	4604 - 4374
France	Haut Mée	Ly-7663	5650	4602 - 4318
France	Passy Richebourg	Ly-6359/SacA-17069	5675	4586 - 4395
France	Mestreville	GifA-92100	5550	4574 - 4096
France	Barnenez	Gif-1310	5450	4573 - 3849
France	Le Souc´h	Ly-2854	5650	4565 - 4357
France	Petit Mont	Gif-6846	5600	4562 - 4240
France	Passy Sablonnière	Ly-6353/SacA-17063	5655	4558 - 4365
France	Larcuste II	Gif-2826	5490	4550 - 3994
France	Balloy, Les Réaudins	Ly-5989	5615	4549 - 4282
France	Passy Richebourg	Ly-6354/SacA-17064	5635	4538 - 4350
France	Table des Marchands	AA-20404	5590	4537 - 4234
France	Goumoizère	OxA-9102/Ly-1047	5620	4536 - 4304
France	Passy Richebourg	Lyon-6361/SacA-17071	5635	4536 - 4338
France	Le Souc´h	Beta-161034	5630	4528 - 4344
France	Goumoizère	Ly-2488	5605	4527 - 4277
France	Goumoizère	Ly-2490	5610	4523 - 4298
France	Balloy, Les Réaudins	Ly-5886	5610	4515 - 4308
France	Les Erves	Ly-3099	5580	4497 - 4261
France	Goumoizère	Ly-2491	5590	4495 - 4269
France	Île Carn	Gif-1362	5390	4490 - 3791
France	Goumoizère	Beta-217483	5590	4483 - 4294
France	Beg-an-Dorchem	GifA-923372	5490	4469 - 4051
France	La Hoguette	Ly-131	5560	4463 - 4223
France	Goumoizère	Ly-2489	5555	4460 - 4232
France	Goumoizère	Beta-217475	5570	4458 - 4266
France	Balloy, Les Réaudins	Ly-5885	5500	4447 - 4101
France	Passy Sablonnière	Ly-7808	5545	4447 - 4211
France	Balloy, Les Réaudins	Ly-5549	5532	4435 - 4199
France	Prajou Menhir	Gif-767	5330	4410 - 3720
France	Goumoizère	Ly-2492	5520	4410 - 4190
France	Goumoizère	Beta-217474	5530	4410 - 4220
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-3013 (SacA-3317)	5480	4409 - 4117
France	Er Grah	A-8915	5495	4408 - 4133
France	Balloy, Les Réaudins	Ly-5587	5500	4390 - 4157
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-12314	5500	4384 - 4172
France	Péré, tumulus C	OxA-10249	5500	4383 - 4172
France	Changé, (Saint Piat)	Gif A- 92352	5470	4366 - 4113
France	Monte Revincu, Dolmen de Casa di l´Urca	Poz-25355	5490	4360 - 4169
France	Table des Marchands	A-8857	5440	4351 - 4066
France	Lannec er Gadouer	AA-8819	5445	4351 - 4071
France	Péré, tumulus C	OxA-10204	5470	4347 - 4136
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-3017 (SacA-3321)	5440	4342 - 4068
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-3014(SacA3318)	5430	4338 - 4054
France	Péré, tumulus C	OxA-10258	5465	4338 - 4132
France	Bougon/Chirons	OxA-9183	5415	4334 - 4026
France	Monte Revincu, Casa di L´Urcu	Ly-9713	5405	4331 - 4006
France	Goumoizère	Beta-217477	5460	4323 - 4134
France	La Hoguette	Ly-421	5160	4319 - 3411
France	La Motte des Justices	Gif-8292	5340	4318 - 3854
France	Table des Marchands	A-8855	5395	4318 - 3973
France	Monte Revincu, Dolmen de Casa di l´Urca	Poz-25356	5450	4316 - 4124
France	Péré, tumulus C	OxA-10248	5440	4311 - 4103
France	Monte Revincu, Dolmen de Casa di l´Urca	Poz-25357	5440	4304 - 4111
France	Vierville/La Butte á Luzerne	OxA-11396	5430	4303 - 4087
France	Goumoizère	Beta-217479	5440	4301 - 4114
France	Vierville/La Butte á Luzerne	OxA-12980	5448	4301 - 4128
France	Monte Revincu, secteur de la Cima de Suarella	Ly-8396	5405	4300 - 4033
France	Goumoizère	Beta-217478	5440	4296 - 4111
France	Er Grah	Gif-7693	5370	4288 - 3958
France	Passy Richebourg	Ly-6358/SacA-17068	5425	4283 - 4096
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-2509 (Poz.)	5415	4277 - 4069
France	Monte Revincu, Dolmen de Cellucia	Poz-13801	5410	4261 - 4076
France	Péré, tumulus C	OxA-10205	5395	4254 - 4048
France	L´Ubac	Ly-794	5220	4251 - 3644
France	Champ Châlon, Monument B1	OxA-9097	5365	4250 - 3984
France	Bougon/Chirons	OxA-9106/Ly-1051	5365	4236 - 3995
France	Monte Revincu	Ly-8395	5355	4232 - 3981
France	Îlot de Roc´h Avel	GrN-1966	5340	4225 - 3933
France	Goumoizère	Ly-2493	5360	4223 - 3998
France	Vierville/La Butte á Luzerne	OxA-12896	5375	4220 - 4036
France	Najac	Erl 12289	5354	4217 - 3983
France	Péré, tumulus C	OxA-10246	5360	4217 - 4007
France	Monte Revincu, Casa di L´Urcu	Ly-13092	5355	4216 - 3985
France	Camp del Ginébre	Ly-226	5355	4214 - 3996
France	Balloy, Les Réaudins	Ly-6406	5305	4212 - 3870
France	Table des Marchands	A-8856	5325	4205 - 3925
France	Goumoizère	Beta-217476	5360	4200 - 4019
France	Ty Floc´h, St. Thois	Ly-199	5270	4192 - 3814
France	Goumoizère	Beta-217482	5350	4191 - 4001
France	Îlot de Roc´h Avel	GifA-92374	5260	4186 - 3785
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-8 (OxA)	5260	4184 - 3803
France	Vierville/La Butte á Luzerne	OxA-13019	5349	4173 - 4016
France	Balloy, Les Réaudins	Ly-5547	5315	4171 - 3936
France	Colombiers-sur-Seulles	Gif-1917	5150	4164 - 3555
France	Vierville/La Butte á Luzerne	OxA-13018	5339	4162 - 4003
France	Bougon/Chirons	Q-3233	5280	4152 - 3883
France	Péré, tumulus C	OxA-10247	5295	4141 - 3924
France	Camp de la Vergentière	Ly-3055	5300	4141 - 3938
France	Er Grah	Gif-7691	5250	4136 - 3808
France	Bougon/Chirons	Q-3218	5230	4132 - 3796
France	Île Carn	GrN-1968	5230	4129 - 3779
France	Bougon/Chirons	Q-3235	5250	4129 - 3833
France	Castello d'Araggio, C-Ar-4	Gif-1000	5130	4128 - 3535
France	Îlot de Roc´h Avel	GrN-1968	5230	4128 - 3780
France	Table des Marchands	A-8854	5175	4123 - 3658
France	Petit Mont	Gif-7307	5230	4123 - 3788
France	Najac	Erl-12291	5268	4117 - 3881
France	Barnenez	Gif-1116	5100	4114 - 3480
France	Najac	Erl 12290	5265	4112 - 3881
France	Er Grah	Gif-7592	5260	4104 - 3877
France	Neuvy-en-Dunois	no information	5250	4096 - 3864
France	Île Guennoc III	Gif-1870	5075	4093 - 3421
France	La Pierre Tourneresse	Ly-11310	5235	4087 - 3839
France	Liscuis I	Gif-3099	5140	4074 - 3613
France	Changé, (Saint Piat)	Gif A- 91091	5230	4069 - 3838
France	Bougon/Chirons	Q-3217	5145	4066 - 3659
France	Lannec er Gadouer	AA-29390	5210	4064 - 3806
France	Table des Marchands	LGQ-558	5220	4060 - 3828
France	Bougon/Chirons	Q-3215	5195	4039 - 3784
France	L´île Bono	Gsy-64	5195	4033 - 3796
France	La Pierre Tourneresse	Ly-11312	5190	4023 - 3794
France	Bougon/Chirons	Q-3232	5190	4022 - 3786
France	Table des Marchands	Ly-12312	5170	3974 - 3788
France	Camp del Ginébre	Ly-267	5100	3948 - 3661
France	Petit Mont	Gif-8287	5130	3931 - 3744
France	Le Souc´h	CIRAM AA-022	5105	3925 - 3690
France	Bougon/Chirons	Q-3214	5085	3921 - 3640
France	Montou	Ly-4661?	5095	3913 - 3681
France	Hoëdic	OxA-6705	5080	3902 - 3653
France	Champ Châlon, Monument B2	OxA-9595	5090	3881 - 3696
France	Port Blanc	OxA-10615	5070	3879 - 3646
Germany	Flintbek	KIA-41582	8328	7469 - 7193
Germany	Borgstedt LA 22	KIA-47607-2	5150	3931 - 3789
Germany	Albersdorf: LA 56: Bredenhoop	KIA-49487-1	5110	3893 - 3732
Germany	Borgstedt LA 22	KIA-47607-1	5077	3847 - 3701
Germany	Albersdorf: LA 56: Bredenhoop	KIA-47605-2	5090	3845 - 3731
Ireland	Ballymcdermot	UB-702	6925	5970 - 5649
Ireland	Knowth 1	UB-358	6835	5917 - 5554
Ireland	Carrowmore	Ua-12736	6500	5576 - 5289
Ireland	Carrowmore	Lu-1840	5750	4772 - 4380
Ireland	Slieve Gullion	UB-179	5215	4405 - 3469
Ireland	Carrowmore	Ua-16970	5320	4177 - 3944
Ireland	Carrowmore	Lu-1441	5240	4155 - 3782
Ireland	Carrowmore	Ua-16974	5230	4137 - 3761
Ireland	Primrose Grange	Ua-16967	5230	4135 - 3780
Ireland	Carrowmore	Ua-13382	5180	4103 - 3677
Ireland	Carrowmore	Ua-16110	5255	4099 - 3865
Ireland	Dooey´s Cairn	UB-2030	5150	4062 - 3649
Ireland	Primrose Grange	Ua-16968	5145	4019 - 3679
Ireland	Primrose Grange	Ua-11582	5140	3991 - 3699
Ireland	Poulnabrone	OxA-1906	5100	3985 - 3618
Italy	Contraguda	OZC-966	5423	4299 - 4073
Italy	Contraguda	OZC-965	5369	4237 - 4001
Italy	Contraguda	GRA-13478	5310	4174 - 3938
Italy	Sa ´Ucca de su Tintirriolu	R-884	5090	3906 - 3675
Italy	San Benedetto	AA-78327	5078	3900 - 3638
Italy	Contraguda	GRA-Beta-149261	5070	3880 - 3646
Maltese Archipelago	Skorba	BM-378	6140	5478 - 4587
Maltese Archipelago	Skorba	BM-216	5760	4957 - 4187
Maltese Archipelago	Skorba	BM-142	5240	4316 - 3609
Maltese Archipelago	Brochtorff Circle	OxA-5038	5330	4303 - 3831
Maltese Archipelago	Brochtorff Circle	OxA-3572	5380	4292 - 3971
Maltese Archipelago	Skorba	BM-148	5175	4231 - 3525
Maltese Archipelago	Skorba	BM-147	5140	4203 - 3505
Maltese Archipelago	Brochtorff Circle	OxA-3568	5170	4035 - 3734
Maltese Archipelago	Brochtorff Circle	OxA-5039	5170	4022 - 3737
Poland	Lupawa	Bln-1814	6060	5136 - 4761
Poland	Lupawa	Bln-1593	5730	4658 - 4445
Poland	Sarnowo	GrN-5035	5570	4505 - 4219
Poland	Wietrzychowice	Lod-60	5170	4313 - 3469
Poland	Krusza Zamkova	Gd-309	5140	4173 - 3493
Portugal	Orquinha dos Juncais	GrA-17166	8750	8144 - 7673
Portugal	Casinha Derribada	OxA-9911	8080	7223 - 6681
Portugal	Madorras I	GrA-1418	7840	7064 - 6312
Portugal	Madorras I	CSIC-1029	8000	6923 - 6710
Portugal	Tremedal	GrN-15938	7960	6920 - 6602
Portugal	Orca de Merouços	GrA-14771	7740	6599 - 6412
Portugal	Cabeçuda	ICEN-978	7660	6526 - 6330
Portugal	Cabeço da Arruda (Muge), Ribatejo	Beta-12745	7550	6500 - 6165
Portugal	Cabeço da Amoreira (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-11819R	7300	6258 - 5990
Portugal	Arapouco	Sac-1560	7200	6245 - 5821
Portugal	Moita do Sebastião (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-131	7240	6185 - 5950
Portugal	Moita do Sebastião (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-133	7200	6152 - 5923
Portugal	Moita do Sebastião (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-134	7160	6143 - 5868
Portugal	Moita do Sebastião (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-132	7180	6139 - 5910
Portugal	Cabeço das Amoreiras, Alentejo	Beta-125110	7230	6130 - 5995
Portugal	Cova da Onça (Magos), Ribatejo	Beta-127448	7140	6052 - 5923
Portugal	Moita do Sebastião (Muge), Ribatejo	Beta-127449	7120	6034 - 5909
Portugal	Cabeço da Arruda (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-10216	7040	6002 - 5804
Portugal	Châ de Carvahal 1	OxA-2128	7030	5980 - 5817
Portugal	Cabeço da Arruda (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-359	6960	5955 - 5718
Portugal	Cabeço da Arruda (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-360	6990	5943 - 5775
Portugal	Cabeço da Arruda (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-354	6970	5931 - 5767
Portugal	Châ da Parada 3	Gif-8290	6910	5915 - 5682
Portugal	Moita do Sebastião (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-135	6810	5830 - 5591
Portugal	Cabeço do Pez, Alentejo	Sac-1558	6740	5814 - 5491
Portugal	Cabeço da Amoreira (Muge), Ribatejo	Beta-127450	6850	5809 - 5678
Portugal	Cabeço da Arruda (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-355	6780	5768 - 5600
Portugal	Cabeço do Pez, Alentejo	Beta-125109	6760	5735 - 5603
Portugal	Carvahal	GrA-5427	6730	5723 - 5562
Portugal	Cabras	CSIC-1056	6570	5657 - 5333
Portugal	Cabeço da Arruda (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-10217	6620	5646 - 5451
Portugal	Cabeço da Amoreira (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-10225	6550	5606 - 5358
Portugal	Castelhanas	ICEN-1264	6360	5513 - 5038
Portugal	Samouqueira 1	TO-130	6370	5454 - 5142
Portugal	Outeiro de Ante 1	Gif-8291	6310	5419 - 5049
Portugal	Cabeço da Arruda (Muge), Ribatejo	TO-356	6360	5402 - 5180
Portugal	Correio- Mór	Sac-1717	6330	5398 - 5121
Portugal	Châ de Carvahal 1	OxA-1850	6340	5380 - 5159
Portugal	Cabras	CSIC-1055	6160	5227 - 4911
Portugal	Figueira Branca	ICEN-823 (double lab.code)	6210	5227 - 5004
Portugal	Châ de Carvahal 1	OxA-1848	6150	5162 - 4941
Portugal	Cabritos 3	Gif-7020	6100	5157 - 4843
Portugal	Châ da Parada 4	ICEN-170	5530	5021 - 3622
Portugal	Menhir de Meada	UtC-4452	6022	4995 - 4813
Portugal	Areita 1	Sac-1514	5970	4981 - 4714
Portugal	Outeiro de Ante 2	GaK-10937	5920	4901 - 4665
Portugal	Châ de Carvahal 1	UGRA-355	5860	4854 - 4577
Portugal	Outeiro de Ante 3	Gif-4857	5780	4807 - 4436
Portugal	Areita 1	Sac-1508	5830	4787 - 4561
Portugal	Alcalar 7	Beta-180978	5810	4777 - 4534
Portugal	Monte Maninho	GrN-15569	5805	4747 - 4559
Portugal	Gruta dos Escoral	OxA-4444	5560	4735 - 3978
Portugal	Monte Maninho	CSIC-755	5680	4685 - 4307
Portugal	Monte da Olheira	UGRA-287	5630	4649 - 4226
Portugal	Castelo Belinho	Beta-199913	5720	4637 - 4454
Portugal	Alcalar 7	Beta-180981	5690	4600 - 4411
Portugal	Areita 1	CSIC-1327	5699	4595 - 4446
Portugal	Outeiro de Ante 3	Gif-4858	5540	4565 - 4120
Portugal	Alcalar 7	Sac-1794	5640	4562 - 4332
Portugal	Areita 1	CSIC-1326	5629	4525 - 4348
Portugal	Outeiro de Gregos 2	KN-2768	5500	4446 - 4115
Portugal	Castelo Belinho	Beta-199912	5500	4373 - 4183
Portugal	Châ da Parada 4	ICEN-162	5470	4347 - 4137
Portugal	Chã de Carvahal 1	OxA-1849	5450	4332 - 4100
Portugal	Portela do Pau 2	CSIC-1121	5435	4307 - 4094
Portugal	Portela do Pau 1	CSIC-1003	5440	4292 - 4123
Portugal	Châ da Parada 4	ICEN-169	5420	4272 - 4083
Portugal	Monte da Olheira	GrN-15331	5400	4251 - 4064
Portugal	Lameira de Cima 2	OxA-5102	5360	4244 - 3978
Portugal	Antelas	OxA-5496	5330	4185 - 3952
Portugal	Furnas 2	CSIC-775	5270	4169 - 3836
Portugal	Châ da Parada 4	ICEN-890	5240	4168 - 3765
Portugal	Furnas 1	CSIC-777	5270	4164 - 3836
Portugal	Cabras	ICEN-1265	5290	4148 - 3908
Portugal	Antelas	OxA-5497	5295	4147 - 3914
Portugal	Meninas do Crastro 2	CSIC-659a	5260	4135 - 3850
Portugal	Outeiro de Gregos 3	KN-2766	5230	4128 - 3783
Portugal	Châ da Parada 4	ICEN-891	5240	4121 - 3805
Portugal	Meninas do Crastro 2	CSIC-657	5260	4112 - 3878
Portugal	Madorras I	CSIC-1030	5280	4108 - 3922
Portugal	Meninas do Crastro 2	CSIC-656	5260	4106 - 3881
Portugal	Meninas do Crastro 2	CSIC-658	5260	4104 - 3875
Portugal	Cabras	ICEN-1267	5220	4082 - 3796
Portugal	Cabras	ICEN-1266	5220	4076 - 3804
Portugal	Outeiro de Gregos 3	KN-2765	5200	4074 - 3757
Portugal	Mina do Simão	CSIC-717	5130	4057 - 3632
Portugal	Areita 1	GrA-18518	5170	4027 - 3731
Portugal	Cave de Cadaval	ICEN-464	5160	3985 - 3755
Portugal	Monte da Olheira	GrN-15330	5195	3970 - 3853
Portugal	Picoto da Vasco	CSIC-1221	5160	3968 - 3774
Portugal	Senhora do Monte 3	ICEN-1200	5100	3961 - 3640
Portugal	Carapito 1	OxA-3733	5125	3944 - 3713
Portugal	Picoto da Vasco	GrN-22443	5140	3944 - 3753
Portugal	Picoto da Vasco	GrN-22817	5100	3936 - 3655
Portugal	Senhora do Monte 3	GrN-20791	5130	3929 - 3743
Portugal	Carapito 1	TO-3336	5120	3917 - 3731
Portugal	Mamoa do Castelo 1	CSIC-1818	5112	3901 - 3730
Portugal	Portela do Pau 2	CSIC-1120	5131	3901 - 3770
Portugal	Picoto da Vasco	CSIC-1328	5124	3900 - 3758
Portugal	Portela do Pau 2	CSIC-1119	5087	3860 - 3713
Scotland	Sketewan	GU-2678	7500	6421 - 6163
Scotland	Balnuaran of Clava	AA-21260	6670	5731 - 5446
Scotland	Balnuaran of Clava	AA-21255	6410	5502 - 5171
Scotland	Biggar Common	GU-2987	6300	5490 - 4940
Scotland	Biggar Common	GU-2988	6080	5107 - 4839
Scotland	Boghead	SRR-690	6006	5000 - 4772
Scotland	Kilpatrick	GU-1561	5870	4899 - 4555
Scotland	Cleaven Dyke	GU-3912	5550	4652 - 4034
Scotland	Cleaven Dyke	GU-3911	5500	4570 - 4004
Scotland	Dalladies	I-6113	5190	4147 - 3670
Scotland	Biggar Common	GU-2985	5250	4095 - 3864
Scotland	Monamore	Q-675	5110	4078 - 3556
Scotland	Maes Howe	SRR-791	5090	4036 - 3546
Scotland	Biggar Common	GU-2986	5150	4025 - 3691
Spain	Cuevo de los Murciélagos	CSIC-247	7440	6409 - 6080
Spain	Valdemuriel 2	GrN-14494	6565	5582 - 5426
Spain	Chan de Prado 6	GrN-19620	6575	5572 - 5455
Spain	Larrarte	I-14781	5810	5330 - 3972
Spain	Font de la Vena	UBAR-61	6190	5215 - 4987
Spain	Cova de I´Avellaner	GaK-12933	5920	5200 - 4358
Spain	Coto dos Mouros	CAMS-83116	6050	5186 - 4673
Spain	Cuevo de los Murciélagos	CSIC-1133	6086	5082 - 4880
Spain	Chan da Cruz 1	GaK-11395	5890	5034 - 4468
Spain	Alto da Barreira	CSIC-1039	6030	4983 - 4846
Spain	Cerro Virtud	Beta-90885	5920	4945 - 4619
Spain	Cerro Virtud	OxA-6715	5895	4886 - 4626
Spain	Cerro Virtud	Beta-101425	5860	4877 - 4547
Spain	Cerro Virtud	OxA-6580	5840	4873 - 4492
Spain	Castillejo	Beta-132917	5710	4872 - 4186
Spain	Azutan	Ly-4578	5750	4860 - 4277
Spain	Cuevo de los Murciélagos	CSIC-1134	5900	4853 - 4669
Spain	El Padró II	UBAR-115	5870	4847 - 4609
Spain	Monte Areo VI	GrN-19123	5820	4833 - 4502
Spain	Cuevo de los Murciélagos	CSIC-1132	5861	4823 - 4602
Spain	Cova de I´Avellaner	UBAR-109	5830	4793 - 4560
Spain	Larratbi		5810	4772 - 4539
Spain	Font de la Vena	UBAR-60	5780	4738 - 4497
Spain	Cerro Virtud	OxA-6713	5765	4728 - 4472
Spain	Valdemuriel 1	Grn-14128	5670	4721 - 4218
Spain	El Padró II	UBAR-114	5770	4716 - 4492
Spain	Cerro Virtud	Beta-90884	5660	4666 - 4287
Spain	Joaninha	Sac-1380	5400	4644 - 3674
Spain	Catasol 2	CSIC-985	5680	4579 - 4412
Spain	Campo del Hockey	CNA-360	5650	4555 - 4362
Spain	Hayas I	GrN-21232	5490	4549 - 3959
Spain	Boeriza 2	Ua-3228	5500	4521 - 4039
Spain	El Padró II	UBAR-113	5600	4513 - 4280
Spain	El Padró II	UBAR-116	5580	4495 - 4250
Spain	Mámoa do Monte: dos Marxos	CAMS-77925	5540	4491 - 4172
Spain	Monte Areo V	GrN-22026	5470	4458 - 4026
Spain	Bòbila Madurell	UBAR-401	5540	4449 - 4210
Spain	Trikuaizti I	I-14099	5300	4385 - 3682
Spain	Dolmen d`Arreganyats	UGRA-148	5400	4382 - 3912
Spain	Cuevo de los Murciélagos	CSIC-246	5400	4346 - 3973
Spain	Catasol 2	CSIC-984	5470	4325 - 4159
Spain	Fuentepecina	GrN-16073	5270	4320 - 3675
Spain	La Cabana 2	Ua-3231	5405	4312 - 4015
Spain	Els Vilars	UBAR-554	5340	4300 - 3875
Spain	Cotogrande 1	GrN-17698	5329	4276 - 3886
Spain	Monte Areo XII	UtC-7218	5404	4259 - 4066
Spain	Mámoa do Monte: dos Marxos	CAMS-77924	5330	4257 - 3885
Spain	Igartza W	I-18214	5270	4245 - 3768
Spain	Els Vilars	UBAR-666	5280	4231 - 3807
Spain	Alberite	Beta-80602	5320	4229 - 3904
Spain	Fuentepecina	GrN-18669	5375	4229 - 4023
Spain	Los Llanos 1	I-15168	5190	4225 - 3558
Spain	Monte Areo XII	UtC-7217	5368	4222 - 4017
Spain	Monte Areo XII	UtC-7219	5368	4213 - 4019
Spain	La Mina	GrN-14951	5100	4193 - 3420
Spain	Monte Areo V	GrN-22027	5330	4190 - 3953
Spain	Cova del Lladres	UBAR-63	5330	4190 - 3955
Spain	Dolmen de Tires Llargues	GaK-12162	5090	4180 - 3400
Spain	As Rozas 1	CSIC-11189	5150	4177 - 3526
Spain	Bòbila Madurell	UBAR-442	5310	4168 - 3936
Spain	Ventin 4	CSIC-1108	5320	4153 - 3971
Spain	Alberite	Beta-80600	5110	4128 - 3471
Spain	Ciella	GrN-12121	5290	4117 - 3935
Spain	La Cabaña	GrN-18670	5240	4116 - 3816
Spain	Monte Areo XII	UtC-7220	5284	4115 - 3918
Spain	Rebolledo	GrN-19569	5305	4114 - 3975
Spain	Fuentepecina	GrN-18667	5170	4096 - 3652
Spain	Velilla 2	GrN-16296	5250	4093 - 3861
Spain	Boeriza 2	Ua-3229	5200	4091 - 3752
Spain	Sierra Plana de la Borbolla 24	OxA-6914	5230	4071 - 3838
Spain	Monte Areo XII	CSIC-1379	5261	4065 - 3919
Spain	Velilla 3	GrN-16297	5200	4049 - 3788
Spain	Chan da Cruz 1	CSIC-642	5210	4043 - 3811
Spain	Morceo	GrN-12994	5150	4003 - 3719
Spain	La Llaguna A	GrN-18283	5140	3991 - 3708
Spain	Pena Ovieda I	GrN-18782	5195	3972 - 3856
Spain	Monte Areo XII	CSIC-1378	5176	3963 - 3822
Spain	La Llaguna D	GrN-16648	5110	3951 - 3672
Spain	El Miradero	GrN-12101	5155	3951 - 3782
Spain	La Llaguna A	GrN-18282	5175	3946 - 3828
Spain	La Llaguna D	GrN-1664	5135	3934 - 3747
Spain	Els garrofers del torrent de Sta. Maria	UBAR-100	5100	3915 - 3685
Spain	Monte Areo XII	CSIC-1380	5133	3909 - 3774
Spain	El Miradero	GrN-12100	5115	3898 - 3736
Spain	Rebolledo	GrN-19567	5075	3866 - 3679
Spain	La Xorenga	CSIC-1381	5080	3845 - 3704
Sweden	Gökhem 94: 1	Ua-20948	7615	6472 - 6306
Sweden	Lyse 7	St-4567	5545	4443 - 4212
Sweden	Uglhöj	K-6977	5220	4157 - 3742
Sweden	Jättegraven	Ua-2788	5220	4053 - 3828
Sweden	Odarslöv	LuS-7145	5115	3936 - 3703
Sweden	Örnakulla	Ua-13606	5095	3905 - 3676

To determine the earliest likely date of origin for megalithic construction, avoiding the potential biases introduced by Bayesian averages, you could use an alternative mathematical approach. Here are some potential methods:

1. Minimum Date Selection

Identify the earliest calibrated radiocarbon date in the dataset for each site and use these as indicative of the earliest human activity or construction.

2. Terminus Ante Quem Approach

Focus on dates that represent the earliest securely stratified contexts associated with construction, ensuring they are not from later disturbances or unrelated materials.

3. Cluster Analysis

Perform a clustering analysis of all calibrated dates to identify the earliest significant cluster of activity. This can help filter out outliers and provide a more accurate picture of early construction activity.

4. Monte Carlo Simulation

Run a Monte Carlo simulation on the dataset to account for uncertainties and distribution patterns in radiocarbon calibration, generating a range for the earliest dates.

5. Probability Density Function Peaks

Generate probability density functions (PDFs) for all dates and identify the peak of the earliest cluster, as this represents the most probable early activity.

6. Stratigraphic and Contextual Filtering

Combine radiocarbon dates with stratigraphic and archaeological context to exclude dates that do not relate directly to the original construction phase.

(Maritime Diffusion Model for Megaliths in Europe)

PodCast

Author’s Biography

Robert John Langdon, a polymathic luminary, emerges as a writer, historian, and eminent specialist in LiDAR Landscape Archaeology.

His intellectual voyage has interwoven with stints as an astute scrutineer for governmental realms and grand corporate bastions, a tapestry spanning British Telecommunications, Cable and Wireless, British Gas, and the esteemed University of London.

A decade hence, Robert’s transition into retirement unfurled a chapter of insatiable curiosity. This phase saw him immerse himself in Politics, Archaeology, Philosophy, and the enigmatic realm of Quantum Mechanics. His academic odyssey traversed the venerable corridors of knowledge hubs such as the Museum of London, University College London, Birkbeck College, The City Literature Institute, and Chichester University.

In the symphony of his life, Robert is a custodian of three progeny and a pair of cherished grandchildren. His sanctuary lies ensconced in the embrace of West Wales, where he inhabits an isolated cottage, its windows framing a vista of the boundless sea – a retreat from the scrutinous gaze of the Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, an amiable clandestinity in the lap of nature’s embrace.

Exploring Prehistoric Britain: A Journey Through Time

My blog delves into the fascinating mysteries of prehistoric Britain, challenging conventional narratives and offering fresh perspectives based on cutting-edge research, particularly using LiDAR technology. I invite you to explore some key areas of my research. For example, the Wansdyke, often cited as a defensive structure, is re-examined in light of new evidence. I’ve presented my findings in my blog post Wansdyke: A British Frontier Wall – ‘Debunked’, and a Wansdyke LiDAR Flyover video further visualizes my conclusions.

My work also often challenges established archaeological dogma. I argue that many sites, such as Hambledon Hill, commonly identified as Iron Age hillforts are not what they seem. My posts Lidar Investigation Hambledon Hill – NOT an ‘Iron Age Fort’ and Unmasking the “Iron Age Hillfort” Myth explore these ideas in detail and offer an alternative view. Similarly, sites like Cissbury Ring and White Sheet Camp, also receive a re-evaluation based on LiDAR analysis in my posts Lidar Investigation Cissbury Ring through time and Lidar Investigation White Sheet Camp, revealing fascinating insights into their true purpose. I have also examined South Cadbury Castle, often linked to the mythical Camelot56.

My research also extends to the topic of ancient water management, including the role of canals and other linear earthworks. I have discussed the true origins of Car Dyke in multiple posts including Car Dyke – ABC News PodCast and Lidar Investigation Car Dyke – North Section, suggesting a Mesolithic origin2357. I also explore the misidentification of Roman aqueducts, as seen in my posts on the Great Chesters (Roman) Aqueduct. My research has also been greatly informed by my post-glacial flooding hypothesis which has helped to inform the landscape transformations over time. I have discussed this hypothesis in several posts including AI now supports my Post-Glacial Flooding Hypothesis and Exploring Britain’s Flooded Past: A Personal Journey

Finally, my blog also investigates prehistoric burial practices, as seen in Prehistoric Burial Practices of Britain and explores the mystery of Pillow Mounds, often mistaken for medieval rabbit warrens, but with a potential link to Bronze Age cremation in my posts: Pillow Mounds: A Bronze Age Legacy of Cremation? and The Mystery of Pillow Mounds: Are They Really Medieval Rabbit Warrens?. My research also includes the astronomical insights of ancient sites, for example, in Rediscovering the Winter Solstice: The Original Winter Festival. I also review new information about the construction of Stonehenge in The Stonehenge Enigma.

Further Reading

For those interested in British Prehistory, visit www.prehistoric-britain.co.uk, a comprehensive resource featuring an extensive collection of archaeology articles, modern LiDAR investigations, and groundbreaking research. The site also includes insights and extracts from the acclaimed Robert John Langdon Trilogy, a series of books exploring Britain during the Prehistoric period. Titles in the trilogy include The Stonehenge Enigma, Dawn of the Lost Civilisation, and The Post Glacial Flooding Hypothesis, offering compelling evidence about ancient landscapes shaped by post-glacial flooding.

To further explore these topics, Robert John Langdon has developed a dedicated YouTube channel featuring over 100 video documentaries and investigations that complement the trilogy. Notable discoveries and studies showcased on the channel include 13 Things that Don’t Make Sense in History and the revelation of Silbury Avenue – The Lost Stone Avenue, a rediscovered prehistoric feature at Avebury, Wiltshire.

In addition to his main works, Langdon has released a series of shorter, accessible publications, ideal for readers delving into specific topics. These include:

• The Ancient Mariners
• Stonehenge Built 8300 BCE
• Old Sarum
• Prehistoric Rivers
• Dykes, Ditches, and Earthworks
• Echoes of Atlantis
• Homo Superior
• 13 Things that Don’t Make Sense in History
• Silbury Avenue – The Lost Stone Avenue
• Offa’s Dyke
• The Stonehenge Enigma
• The Post-Glacial Flooding Hypothesis
• The Stonehenge Hoax
• Dawn of the Lost Civilisation
• Darwin’s Children
• Great Chester’s Roman Aqueduct
• Wansdyke

For active discussions and updates on the trilogy’s findings and recent LiDAR investigations, join our vibrant community on Facebook. Engage with like-minded enthusiasts by leaving a message or contributing to debates in our Facebook Group.

Whether through the books, the website, or interactive videos, we aim to provide a deeper understanding of Britain’s fascinating prehistoric past. We encourage you to explore these resources and uncover the mysteries of ancient landscapes through the lens of modern archaeology.

For more information, including chapter extracts and related publications, visit the Robert John Langdon Author Page. Dive into works such as The Stonehenge Enigma or Dawn of the Lost Civilisation, and explore cutting-edge theories that challenge traditional historical narratives.

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